Utah Symphony and Opera Merger free essay sample

Symphony And Opera Merger Task 1 Utah Opera and Symphony Merger Utah Opera and Utah Symphony merger is an organizational plan to combine the two art-based organizations with an aim of increasing their effectiveness and efficiency. It involves fundamental changes that are beneficial to the operations of both companies. This documental analysis will assist Ann Ewers, General Director of the Utah Opera; make an informed decision concerning the merger process. The analysis will comprise motivation theories as well as other pertinent information that are essential for use in the merger process. It will also comprise different types of power and how to effectively deal with them in decision making, potential harm as a result of the merger, and how to utilize available influence in order to build additional support. A1. Bill Bailey Mr. Bailey Bill can effectively use McClelland’s need theory to convince Utah Opera to support the merger. The general concern raised by the theory is the need for affiliation. We will write a custom essay sample on Utah Symphony and Opera Merger or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The theory emphasizes the need to continue with social relationships. It also calls for the need of group belonging and need for love (Kreinter and Kinicki, 2010). Adam’s Equity Theory of Motivation asserts that high levels of motivation and positive outcomes can emanate from people perceiving their treatment as fair. When people feel that they have an upper hand over others in their environments, they are likely to be motivated. If they feel they are unfairly treated, they are likely to be disillusioned (Kreinter Kinicki, 2010). People usually measure the sense of fairness through ideas explained by Equity Theory. Mr. Bailey perceives inequity emanating from the financial potential of Symphony over Utah Opera. The Symphony has a more inflexible schedule as compared to Utah Opera. Bailey other concern is that opera is likely to lose its identity. A2. Scott Parker Scott Parker is the chairman of the board of the Utah Symphony and his goal is to convince Mrs. Abravenal to support the merger. He can use the concept of Maslow’s Need for Esteem. Abraham Maslow elaborated two types of human esteem needs. They include the lower needs and the higher ones. The lower ones are the need for reputation, respect, appreciation, and dignity. For instance, the need for the Symphony to reach tier one status; and other related needs up to the need for dominance – the Symphony’s ability to achieve and maintain tier one status. Parker should explain that the current economic climate requires the merger of the two organizations and that the organization requires more efficient operation for current financial stability. Mrs. Abravenal concerns are that the merger will ultimately lower her husband’s accomplishments and memory; however, through the need of achievement Parker can convince that Mrs. Abravenal’s husband accomplishment will cease if the orchestra closes as a result of its financial situation. From Bill Bailey’s point of approach, adding the Utah Symphony does not provide a meaningful relationship. The current opera organizational structure uses Symphony’s talents without providing the staff and the musicians a full-time contract. The Opera’s current production schedule is boosted by Symphony’s. This is because the Utah Opera Organization will enjoy the continued financial flexibility that the Symphony does not have. Acquirement of the Utah Symphony is likely to change the foundations of how the Opera’s schedule of performances. The Symphony has full-time contracted employees when compared to that of the Opera. This makes them have a larger financial responsibility than the latter organization. The concern for financial flexibility is the main impetus for Opera’s growth. The Opera has been able to have a surplus budget and arrange their shows with regards to the amount of money that they raise in every show. A3. Power Ewers is in a leadership role and has the ability to use positional power to lead the merger. As the name implies, positional power is the ability to influence others by the leader’s title or standing within an organization (Kreinter and Kinicki, 2010). Ewers’ positional power is supported by the skills that she has learned and earned her position in the Opera as the General Director. The members of the opera company have witnessed Ewers’ current success through the organization and her management of resources resulting in a financial strong opera company. This in turn, makes Ewers a favorable member within the organization along with high level of leadership. Ewer’s personal power is the source of influence she holds and her ability to influence others. Personal power is associated with knowledge, personal attraction and effort. Ewers leadership power can be increased through expertise acquired from the possession of special knowledge her ability for fund raising. All managers have some degree of legitimate power (Kreinter and Kinicki, 2010). The set of skills she has earned as she climbed through the organizations hierarchy shows Ewers is resilient and intellectual leader. These are Ewer’s innate traits are personal power; personal power is internal. Ewers is a well respected figure in the arts community and proven professional experience and proven organization success. Anne’s positional power is derived from her position in the organization as general director. Positional power is strategic because it empowers individuals at the top of the organization’s hierarchy to manage others in order achieve organizational goals. Moreover, it is both skill sets, personal and positional power that earned her the job title of general director. a) Ewers have developed relationships with members of both symphony and opera executive committees adding to her experience to use positional and personal power to successfully lead the merger efforts. However, she will be faced with new challenges, influencing others who have more positional power, the board of directors. Ewers will encounter others who will stifle her effectiveness by using their positional power negatively. Anne will also need to convince others who have less positional power, employees and the arts community, by building constructive relationships with her current and potential staff affected by the merger. b) In the new organizational hierarchy, Lockhart will report to Ewers. Lockhart believes his position and autonomy will be stripped away by the resulting merger. Again, Ewers should use personal power to empower Lockhart. This entails building trust by encouraging Lockhart’s participation in decisions and soliciting input. Ewers’ personal power can influence Lockhart to trust her as a leader and develop respect. A4. Organizational Performance The formation of the new organization faces contract issues with the musicians, if not resolved in the initial stages of the merger, would jeopardize the future organizational performance. The musicians’ concern is whether their current collective bargaining agreement will remain under the new-formed organization. As previously described in Adam’s Equity Theory, the musician’s perceptions are based on organizational justice, or their perception of whether they have been treated fairly by the organization (Kreitner Kinicki, 2010). Also, an element of organizational justice is distributive justice and the perception fairness and how resources and rewards are distributed (Kreitner Kinicki, 2010). Some musicians believe, or at least have accused the symphony board, of having entered into the merger discussions as an excuse to reopen and renegotiate the terms of the current collective agreement. ) It is recommended that Ewers addresses the musicians’ issue early in the merger process by requesting the organization and the musicians agree to abide by the terms of the current contract. Ewers must emphasize to the board the importance of the musicians to symphony and honoring commitment. Next, Ewers will have to assure the musicians that the contract will remain and that their g oals are aligned with the boards for the survival of the symphony. Finally, Ewers should communicate the financial concerns of the symphony. Open communication will win the trust of the musicians and change their perception perceptions of distributive and procedural justice by giving the musicians power over the decisions that will affect them (Kreitner Kinicki, 2010). A5. Influence Tactics Personal appeals could be used by Ewers to encourage the staff and artist assist new employees with the transition into the new organization. By appealing to loyalty and friendship, they may be more willing to help out in the future knowing that they are working with someone they trust (intrinsic motivators). Personal appeals can also be used when speaking to non-supporters of the merger to persuade them that they have developed lasting friendships that they should continue to foster. They have shared expectations for how group members have to behave if they want to have group approval, and group politics affect the movement of ideas between the members. Does not matter how small the group is, there is always an in-crowd, who shapes the goals of organization and makes decisions. And if there is a need to change the course of organization in a new direction, it is necessary to explicitly challenge the in-crowd first, perhaps by persuading them to publicly and consistently embrace new goals. In addition, Ewers can use consultation – getting others involved to support one’s objectives – when she is working with the opera’s full-time staff and artists. Ewers is not required to communicate information regarding the merger because of her executive position, but effective leaders use the power of information.

The Primary Socialization Phase Social Policy Essay Essays

The Primary Socialization Phase Social Policy Essay Essays The Primary Socialization Phase Social Policy Essay Paper The Primary Socialization Phase Social Policy Essay Paper Primary socialisation could be more of import than secondary socialisation as the primary socialisation stage is the basic measure that an single takes to come in into society. Socialization has been described as to render societal or do person able to populate in society and larn the societal norms and imposts. Socialization is cardinal to the operation of any society and is besides cardinal to the outgrowth of modernness. Socialization tends to function two major maps of fixing an person to play and develop functions, wonts, beliefs and values and arouse appropriate forms of emotional, societal and physical responses assisting to pass on contents of civilization and its continuity and continuity ( Chinoy, 1961 ) . However societal regulations and societal systems should be integrated with the person s ain societal experiences. However single societal experiences have become much less of import in the survey of socialisation as the focal point is now on placing maps of establishments and systems in socialisation and cultural alterations. Socialization is particularly true in household and instruction and has been seen in many household signifiers and differences in gender functions, in cultural diverseness and in occupational criterions. However it is of import to observe the relationship between moralss, norms, values, functions in socialisation. Socialization is the agencies through which societal and cultural continuity is attained nevertheless socialisation itself may non take to desirable effects although it is a procedure and meant to hold an impact on all facets of society and the person ( Chinoy, 1961 ) . Socialization provides partial account for the human status as besides the beliefs and behavior of society although the function of environment may besides be important in any procedure of socialisation ( Johnson, 1961 ) . Both socialisation and biological science could hold an impact on how people are shaped by the environment and their cistrons and behavioral results are besides significantly different as the capacity for larning alterations throughout a life-time. Socialization could hold many agents such as the household, friends and school, spiritual establishments and equal groups as besides the mass media and work topographic point co-workers. The household establishes basic attitudes whereas schools build moralss and values, spiritual establishments affect our belief systems and peer groups assist in sharing societal traits. Socialization is normally seen as a life procedure and a continued interaction will all agents of society in a mode that is most good to persons. Socialization could be primary which occurs in a kid as the kid learns attitudes, values, actions as members of peculiar societies and civilizations. If a kid experiences racist attitudes in the household, this could hold an consequence on the kid s attitudes towards minorities and other races. Primary socialisation is the first and basic measure towards interactions with the outside universe and the household is the first agent in primary socialisation as the household introduces a kid to the universe exterior, to its beliefs, imposts, norms and helps the kid in accommodating to the new environment ( Clausen, 1968 ) . Secondary socialisation happens when a kid moves out of household and larn how to act within a little community or societal group and adolescents or striplings are mostly influenced by secondary socialisation as they may come in a new school. Entering a new profession is besides secondary socialisation of grownups and whereas primary socialisation is more generalised, secondary socialisation is accommodating to specific environments. Primary socialisation happens early in life and is the first socialisation in kids and striplings when new attitudes and thoughts develop for societal interaction. Secondary socialisation refers to socialization that takes topographic point through one s life and can happen in kids every bit good as in older grownups as it means accommodating to new state of affairss and covering with new brushs ( White, 1977 ) . There are other types of socialisation such as developmental socialisation and prevenient socialisation. Developmental socialisation is about developing societal accomplishments and larning behavior within a societal establishment and prevenient socialisation is about understanding and foretelling future state of affairss and relationships and developing societal responses or accomplishments to these state of affairss. Re-socialization is another procedure of socialisation in which former behavioural forms are discarded to larn new values and norms. This could be a new gender function if there is a status of sex alteration. Socialization is a cardinal sociological construct and the elements of socialisation are by and large agreed upon as holding specific ends such as impulse control and cultivating new functions, cultivation of significance beginnings. Socialization is the procedure that helps in societal operation and is frequently considered as culturally comparative as people from different civilizations socialize otherwise ( White, 1977 ) . Since socialisation is an acceptance of civilization, the procedure of socialisation is different for every civilization. Socialization has been described as both a procedure and an result. It has been argued that the nucleus individuality of an person and the basic life beliefs and attitudes develop during primary socialisation and the more specific alterations through secondary socialisation occurs in different structured societal state of affairss. Life socialisation, particularly through societal state of affairss as in secondary socialisation, the demand fo r ulterior life state of affairss highlights the complexness of society and addition in varied functions and duties. However there could be several differences between primary and secondary socialisation as Mortimer and Simmons ( 1978 ) showed how these two types of socialisation differ. Content, context and response are the three ways in which the differences between primary and secondary socialisation could be explained. In childhood socialisation involves ordinance of biological thrusts and impulse control which is subsequently replaced by self image and values in adolescence. In adulthood socialisation is more about specific norms and behaviours and relates to work functions and personality traits development. Context or the environment in socialisation is besides of import as the individual who is socialized seeks to larn within the context of household and school or equal groups. Relationships are besides emotional and socialisation besides takes topographic point as an single takes the grownup function. Formal and informal relationships tend to differ harmonizing to situational context and in some instances contexts tend to impact the emotional nature of relationships. Equally far as reacting to state of affairss is concerned, kids and striplings could be more easy moulded than grownups as grownup socialisation is more voluntary and grownups could pull strings their ain responses well. Socialization involves contacts with multiple groups in different contexts and interactions at assorted degrees. Socialization is a societal procedure and in the procedure of socialisation, parents, friends, schools, co workers, household members tend to play a major function ( Chinoy, 1961 ) . However socialisation could hold its positive or negative impact as seen in wide and narrow socialisation procedure as in wide socialisation, individuality, and self look are of import whereas in instance of narrow socialisation conformance is more of import. This distinction was provided by Arnett ( 1995 ) who suggested that socialisation could ensue in both wide and narrow societal interaction procedure as wide socialisation helps in enlargement and narrow socialisation is more about conformance and harmonizing to Arnett, socialisation could be wide or narrow within the socialisation forces of friends, household, school, equal group, co workers etc. Socialization type could change across civilizations as in America for case there is an increased accent on individuality whereas in many Asiatic states as in India or Japan socialisation could be approximately conformance to religious or societal norms ( Arnett, 1995 ) . However primary socialisation could be more important than secondary socialisation as primary socialisation is about organizing a basic attitude towards people and society and this in bend helps in determining the individuality of persons as a kid. Primary socialisation is societal larning procedure in childhood whereas secondary socialisation is societal larning in maturity or societal acquisition added to already bing basic acquisition procedure so secondary socialisation is approximately added acquisition and in some instances substitute larning where alterations in the socialisation procedure takes topographic point due to new environments such as alteration of workplace or come ining new work environments or new schools ( Johnson, 1961 ) . Primary socialisation is more basic as in primary socialisation the kid learns the really first societal responses and develops the first societal beliefs and attitudes. Based on primary socialisation procedure, secondary socialisation is about utilizing the primary socially erudite responses to accommodate them to new environments through secondary socialisation. Since primary socialisation occurs in childhood and in the kid s immediate environment as through place or household, it is more important and has a greater impact on the kid s attitudes and beliefs every bit good as societal and emotional development. Primary socialisation could be said to hold a direct impact on the kid and shapes the hereafter of the kid and how he grows up with certain beliefs as in instance of kids who see racial hatred in the household is more prone to develop their ain hatred towards other races as a consequence of direct conditioning in the household environment. In fact the immature people in ulter ior old ages are particularly shaped by what they learnt and experienced in childhood and how they were conditioned to respond to state of affairss and people and therefore primary socialisation is of greater significance in later old ages than secondary socialisation ( Clausen, 1968 ) . Within this context, households and schools are of premier importance and are considered as the first agents that implement the procedures of societal control. Youth offense and anti societal behaviour could be explained with the assistance of direct primary socialisation as what the single learns at place is of major importance and shapes his ulterior life and could besides explicate any sort of aberrance ( Pitts, 2001 ) . Young people enter offense perchance through racial hatred or deficiency of societal inclusion and these attitudes such as against other races are formed in childhood or adolescence and the kid normally learns from the household members, school equals and direct societal environment ( Muncie, 2004 ) . Social inclusion is one of the major issues of socialisation as emphasized by the authorities as minority communities and persons from different races and faiths may experience excluded and this exclusion leads to a sense of defeat and offense among the young person of the excluded groups ( McAuley, 2007 ) . In order to get the better of this sense of exclusion, minority groups and particularly the immature people of minority groups have been given particular support through assorted societal services of inclusion and inclusion is besides portion of the socialisation procedure and could be considered every bit secondary as persons go through societal inclusion adaptative procedures and behaviour after they have been already brought up and undergone primary socialisation in their household places or schools that were non excessively contributing to inclusion. In fact the devising of responsible citizens include adaptative procedures at place, household and school, work or general community and the immature people develop cognition of civilizations at place and in the community and besides back their ain subcultures of societal attitudes and behaviour that are influenced by primary instead than secondary socialisation ( Hall and Jefferson, 1976 ) . Sing that primary socialisation and what we learn from the immediate environment in childhood is more of import than secondary socialisation and what we learn at the workplace or in new environments, primary socialisation still remains the basic socialisation procedure and secondary socialisation merely implies a alteration or an add-on to what has been already learnt in childhood. Bibliography Arnett, Jeffrey J. 1995. Broad and Narrow Socialization: The Family in the Context of a Cultural Theory. Journal of Marriage and the Family 57 ( 3 ) :617-28. Buckingham, D. The devising of citizens. Young people, intelligence and political relations. London: Routledge. Byrne, D ( 2001 ) Understanding the Urban, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan Chinoy, Ely ( 1961 ) Society: An Introduction to Sociology, New York: Random House. Clausen, John A. ( ed. ) ( 1968 ) Socialization and Society, Boston: Small Brown and Company Fyfe, N ( erectile dysfunction ) ( 1998 ) Images of the Street: Representation, Experience and Control in Public Space, London: Routledge Foucault, M. ( 1977 ) Discipline and Punish London: Penguin Hall, S. and Jefferson, T. ( 1976 ) Resistance through rites, young person subcultures in post-war Britain. . Johnson, Harry M. ( 1961 ) Sociology: A Systematic Introduction, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. McAuley, R ( 2007 ) Out of Sight: Crime, Youth and Social Exclusion in modern Britain, Cullompton: Willan McLaughlin, E ; J Muncie A ; G Hughes ( explosive detection systems ) 2003 ) Criminological Positions: Essential Readings, London: Sage ( 2nd Edition ) Mortimer, Jeylan T. and Roberta G. Simmons. 1978. Adult Socialization. Annual Review of Sociology 4:421-54. Muncie J ( 2004 ) Young person and Crime, London: Sage ( 2nd Edition ) Pitts, J ( 2001 ) The New Politics of Youth Crime, London: Palgrave Macmillan. White, Graham ( 1977 ) Socialization, London: Longman

Future of Biometrics in Network Security Term Paper

Future of Biometrics in Network Security - Term Paper Example This technology is more effective in authorizing and verifying identity of individuals within an organization. Nevertheless, adoption of this technology has been slowed by lack of adequate handling skills and that it is an expensive technology for many organizations. The purpose of this research is to investigate the future of the biometric system within the network security technology. By drawing facts from a wide range of resources, it is possible to identify the future of this technology in the future of network security. The Future of Biometrics in Network Security Introduction With the advent of technology, network security has become a crucial topic for every nation. Network refers to the connectivity between organization, individuals and even countries that allow people to access or be served by the resources that exist within these systems. Today, networks have become inevitable and at some point every person has interacted with a network within their daily operations. One ch aracteristic of a network is that it is sensitive due to the sensitivity of the resources that exist within, making it vulnerable to malicious attacks. For instance, cyber-criminals will attack bank networks to gain access to personal credentials that can help them to defraud the bank of its profits. Each day, organizations lose money, information and other vital resources to network intruders. The increase in network crime has sent security technologists to delve into more research to provide better security systems that can guarantee the safety within networks. Biometric technology is one of the security measures that is slowly becoming a necessity in network security. Biometric systems refer to gadgets that use any form of physiological or behavioral characteristics of human beings that can tapped to identify or verify the identity of a person within a network system. This is a new technology that is finding its way into the network security due to its high reliability and effici ency in identification and verification of human identity. Commonly, fingerprints, eye lids, facial expressions, eye blinks, and even blood are used to allow only authorized people to access network systems within organizations. As the level of crime continues to increase within business organizations, biometric technology is likely to proliferate and the future of network security largely depends on this technology. Today, security technologists engage in deep research to adopt more integrative biometric technology that will enhance security network within organizations in the world. Literature Review The history of network security is a long one and dates back right from the time networks were discovered. Daya (2010) points out that network security is inseparable with networks due to the sensitivity of networks in their area of use. A network is associated with a definite number of people, hence the need to limit access from members outside the network. The network contains organ ization information resources and secrets that are motivators for intruders who intend to use such resources to their leverage. For instance, the military network contains information regarding national matters that have to be safeguarded to ensure that the security of citizens is not compromised. Terrorist attackers have a great motivation to penetrate the military network to enhance their malicious missions. As Daya Points out, a network without

Marketing plan for COCA COLA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Marketing plan for COCA COLA - Essay Example 5). From the economic perspective, marketers create utility or benefit in forms of time, ownership, place etc (Boone and Kurtz, 2009, p. 5) that produce the want satisfying power for the ultimate users of the products or services in the market. The contemporary marketing environment is highly complex and dynamic due to the influence of technology, competition, and globalization and so on and therefore no marketer would be able to succeed in its market landscape unless it plans better for the future. In order to identify marketing potential and threats for a particular product or service, the marketer has to foresee how different marketing variables can impact its business. Marketing plans in recent years have attracted wider attention of business organizations, because these are found to have helped marketers establish a stronger competitive stance and maintain long term profitability through sustainable competitive advantage. This paper presents a detailed marketing plan for Coca-Co la Company, comprising of major marketing analyses and environmental scan of the company. This paper gives relevant description of marketing objectives and marketing strategies of Coca-Cola, and presents SWOT analysis to analyze both internal and external environments of the company. Introduction Coca-Cola means much more to people than merely something to drink. It has emerged as an American icon with rich tradition and cultural impact among people worldwide (Armstrong & Kotler, 2005, p. 8). A company that started in 1883 has long been successfully keeping its brand relevant for more than 100 years and one among Fortune 500. Coca-Cola has dominated world market for soft drinks and the extent of its brand success can be recognized from the fact that it is recommended instead of normal water in many countries (Johansson, 2009, p. 64). This report presents a marketing plan for Coca-Cola. Planning is an extremely significant element to successfully implementing and performing a marketi ng activity. The main objective of marketing is to sell products or services to the potential customers and therefore a marketing plan should virtually be a strategy to help the marketer gain an advantage over other providers of the similar goods or services in the market (Carpenter and Sanders, 2009, p. 10). Coca-Cola: Company Overview The Coca-Cola Company is world’s largest beverage company that manufactures, distributes and markets non-alcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups. The company licenses and markets more than 500 non-alcoholic beverage brands, mainly sparkling beverages with variety of beverage products such as waters, enhanced waters, juices, juice drinks, ready-to-drink tea and coffee, sport drinks etc (Datamonitor, 2011, Annual Report, 2011). The company owns most famous four brands in beverage, Coca Cola, Diet Coke, Fanta and Sprite. The Coca-Cola Com

The Defendant's Confession Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Defendant's Confession - Assignment Example Sometimes, impairment in the defendant’s functioning compromises the defendant’s abilities relevant to the confession process. This report seeks to investigate the damaging impact caused by use of confession. It will also show how a confession can be used in the court of law. Case study Beckwith v. United States (1976) The following case existed following statements made by a taxpayer (Beckwith) to the Internal Revenue agents in his house. During this noncustodial interview, the defendant retorted that he had evaded tax payment at some point. The interview was carried out to investigate criminal tax fraud. He was arrested and later reined in court, prosecuted and found guilty for tax evasion. However, the defendant claimed that he was not read his Miranda rights before the interview took place (Arthur and Lawrence 220). This did not have any impact on the case since his tax liability was under scrutiny. He served a jail term because of the confession he made during the interview with the IRA. A free and voluntary confession by the defendant is sufficient to convict, without any other evidence whether the confession was made before apprehension, or after, or whether reduced in to writing or not. If the confession was drawn from the defendant by means of a threat or a promise, then, it is not admissible evidence. Any facts, however, that may be brought to light in consequence of such confession may be proved. A confession, (if made on examination before a magistrate) ought to be taken in writing, and signed by the magistrate. Parol evidence of such a confession will not be received, unless it is clearly proved not to have been reduced into writing. The confession when taken in writing ought to be read over to the defendant, and he should be asked to sign it. His refusing to do so will not make it inadmissible. The defendant’s confession must not be taken on oath, and if so taken, it cannot be received. His confession is evidence only against himself. In all cases a confession should be provided in evidence for it is a general rule that the full account must be taken together, both that which makes for the defendant and that which makes against him. In the mentioned petition, the defendant's confession was voluntary since the defendant did not expect the matter to be criminalized. The Internal revenue Agents did not read him his Miranda rights before they interviewed him. Miranda rights are extremely crucial since they act as warning to indicate that whatever you say during the investigation will be incriminated as evidence (Arthur and Lawrence 130). Legal issues related to assessing the ability of individuals, especially those of special populations, to waive their rights are reviewed. An empirical research on the ability of suspects to make knowing, intelligent, and voluntary confessions is considered in light of relevant ethical issues and limits of testimony. Constitutional Law and Miranda Warning A defendant's confe ssion often serves as the most persuasive evidence in criminal trials. It is particularly influential when it serves as the sole or primary source of evidence offered by the prosecution. When a suspect is placed under arrest or is given the impression that he or she has no right free to leave, police officers, or government agents are expected to read the Miranda warning. For example,† You should to remain silent. Anything you say shall evidence in the court of law.† – As indicated by the U.S. supreme court. However, the

Catalytic Reduction of Hydrazine to Ammonia

Catalytic Reduction of Hydrazine to Ammonia Ruvanthi Kularatne Catalytic Reduction of Hydrazine to Ammonia: The Site of Reduction in Nitrogenase Abstract The conversion of N2 to NH3 is done mainly via anaerobic bacteria. The enzyme nitrogenase, which can be found in these anaerobic bacteria, is responsible for this conversion. Much research has been conducted in order to identify the structure of the enzyme, the mechanism for the conversion, and the site of reduction. Hydrazine is a substrate and an intermediate of the nitrogenase enzyme. Hence, the reduction of hydrazine to ammonia is used to mimic the late stages of the biological nitrogen fixation. Here the main focus is to identify the metal atom to which the hydrazine molecule binds. In order to identify the binding site of N2 is Fe, a tris(thiolato)phosphine ligand, P(C6H3-3-Me3Si-2-S)33−(PS3†³), is used as the platform to obtain the iron(II) complex, [P(Ph)4][Fe(PS3†³)(CH3CN)]. Also, a substrate-bound and product-bound adducts, [N-(Bu)4][Fe(PS3†³)(N2H4)] and [N(C2H5)4][Fe(PS3†³)(NH3)] respectively, are synthesized. To determine whether the binding site is the V in vanadium nitrogenase, [P(Ph)4][V(PS3†²Ã¢â‚¬ ²)(Cl)] and [P(Ph)4][V(PS3†²)(Cl)] [PS3†² = P(C6H3-5-Me-2-S)33-] are synthesized. Introduction Nitrogen is an essential element in all living organisms. It is a major element in nucleotides and in amino acids which ultimately forms DNA and RNA, and proteins respectively. These are the building blocks which make up the nuclei in living organisms. The major source of nitrogen is atmospheric N2. It is a stable molecule and it has to be converted to a form which can be utilized by organisms. The natural way of nitrogen fixation is by lightening and by anaerobic bacteria, the latter being the most prominent. About 25 % is fixed by the industrial Haber process, which occurs at high temperatures and pressure, whereas the biological processes occur at ambient conditions1. During the process, N2 is converted to NH3, which is a more usable form than N2. Nitrogen fixation by anaerobic bacteria is catalyzed by the enzyme nitrogenase. The enzyme is composed of two protein subunits, a MoFe protein and a Fe protein. Studies reveal that the substrate binding and activation in the enzyme occurs at a Mo/Fe/S center. The structure of this molybdenum nitrogenase has been characterized by X-ray crystallography.2 The Fe protein has two bound MgATP molecules. During the reduction of N2, an electron from this Fe protein is transferred to the MoFe protein, which is associated with the hydrolysis of the two MgATP molecules.3 There are reports of three forms of nitrogenase with Mo, Fe and V.4 The Fe and the V are also known as the â€Å"alternative† forms of nitrogenase1. The first has a V in place of Mo and the other is an â€Å"all-Fe† nitrogenase1. Although the structures have been identified, the exact mechanism of the catalysis of N2 by the enzyme is still not fully understood. As a result, research is being conducted to obtain the mechanistic information of nitrogenase. Large number of coordination compounds has been proposed as possible structural or functional models for nitrogenase. Mononuclear and binuclear transition metal complexes and polynuclear Fe/Mo/S aggregates are among the suggested compounds. Hydrazine is a substrate and an intermediate of the nitrogenase enzyme. Hence, the reduction of hydrazine to ammonia is used to mimic the late stages of the biological nitrogen fixation. For the reduction of hydrazine, a proton source and an electron source is necessary (eq 1).1 N2H4 + 2e + 2H+ à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ® 2NH3(1) Studies through hydrazine have suggested that the site of binding of N2 is at Fe in the MoFe-cofactor.5 However, some research also shows that the reduction site is at Mo in the MoFe-cofactor1,6 or in a VII state in vanadium nitrogenase.7 Based on electron density maps and X-ray crystallography, it has been found that the Fe/Mo/S cofactor has an elongated MoFe7S9 cluster which is composed of MoFe3S3 and Fe4S3 cuboidal subunits bridged by two or three sulfide ligands.1,6 In order to identify the site of reduction of nitrogenase and the mechanism involved in the reduction process, much research has been carried out by the formation of various metal complexes. Here, to see if the binding site is Fe, a tris(thiolato)phosphine ligand, P(C6H3-3-Me3Si-2-S)33−(PS3†³), is used as the platform to obtain the iron(II) complex, [P(Ph)4][Fe(PS3†³)(CH3CN)] (A).5 Also, a substrate-bound and product-bound adducts, [N-(Bu)4][Fe(PS3†³)(N2H4)] (B) and [N(C2H5)4][Fe(PS3†³)(NH3)] (C), are synthesized. To determine whether the binding site is the V in vanadium nitrogenase, [P(Ph)4][V(PS3†²Ã¢â‚¬ ²)(Cl)] (D) and [P(Ph)4][V(PS3†²)(Cl)] (E) [PS3†² = P(C6H3-5-Me-2-S)33-] are synthesized. Methods Synthesis of [P(Ph)4][Fe(PS3†³)(CH3CN)]: FeCl2 was added to a solution of H3[PS3†³] and n-BuLi in acetonitrile in the ratio of 1:1:3 respectively, to give an emerald solution. To this [P(Ph)4]Br in acetonitrile was added followed by ether, and then the solution was placed at −30 °C for 3 days. This yielded an emerald crystalline solid of [P(Ph)4][Fe(PS3†³)(CH3CN)] ·4CH3CN ·(C2H5)2O. Synthesis of [N-(Bu)4][Fe(PS3†³)(N2H4)]: H3[PS3†³], Li and FeCl2 was reacted in ethanol in the ratio of 1:3:1 respectively, which gave a green solution. It was followed by the addition of excess N2H4 ·H2O. Then, [N(Bu)4]Br was added and the reaction mixture was kept at −15 °C for 2 days. This resulted in a green crystalline solid of [N-(Bu)4][Fe(PS3†³)(N2H4)] ·5C2H5OH. Synthesis of [N(C2H5)4][Fe(PS3†³)(NH3)]: H3[PS3†³], Li and FeCl2 was reacted in ethanol in the ratio of 1:3:1 respectively, which gave a green solution. Then it was charged with NH3 gas (1 atm) to generate an emerald solution. Then, [N(C2H5)4]Br was added in ethanol, and the solution was kept at −15  °C for 2 days. A green crystalline solid of [N(C2H5)4][Fe(PS3†³)(NH3)] ·3C2H5OH was obtained. All the structures were characterized by X-ray crystallography. Catalytic reactivity of [P(Ph)4][Fe(PS3†³)(CH3CN)]: To observe the catalytic activity, an external reductant, [CoCp2] and a proton source, [LutH][BAr†²4] was used (CoCp2 = cobaltocene, LutH = 2,6-lutidinium, and Ar’ = 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3) and all the reactions were carried out in a N2 enivironment. First, [P(Ph)4][Fe(PS3†³)(CH3CN)] and CoCp2 was dissolved in CH3CN in 1:1 ratio of the complex to the reductant. Then, N2H4 and [LutH][BAr†²4] were added to the solution in 1:1:2 ratio (complex: hydrazine: proton source). The reaction was carried out at ambient temperature for about 30 mins. Concentrated HCl was used to quench the reaction. Then, the solvent was removed by vacuum and the solid was extracted with distilled water. Finally, the insoluble residue was removed and the filtrate was taken to do ammonia analysis13 and hydrazine analysis.14 Synthesis of [P(Ph)4] [V(PS3†²Ã¢â‚¬ ²)(Cl)] (D) and [P(Ph)4] [V(PS3†²)(Cl)] (E) VCl3(THF)3 in THF, H3[PS3†³] in methanol and Li were reacted together in a 1:1:3 ratio. This gave a deep red solution. Then, PPh4Br in CH2Cl2 was added and it was layered with pentane. Which gave a red crystalline solid of D. E was synthesized using the same procedure but using the H3[PS3†²] ligand. Catalytic reactivity of [P(Ph)4] [V(PS3†²Ã¢â‚¬ ²)(Cl)] (D) and [P(Ph)4] [V(PS3†²)(Cl)] (E) The catalytic reduction of hydrazine by D and E were determined using cobaltocene and 2,6-Lut.HCl, using the same procedure as for A. Results and Discussion It was identified from X-ray crystallographic data that the three complexes, A, B, and C were crystallized with solvent molecules. Complex A had four CH3CN molecules, B had five C2H5OH molecules and the complex C had three C2H5OH molecules. These solvent molecules filled the voids in these structures by the formation of hydrogen bonds. It was also identified that the three complexes has a five coordinate iron(II) center with a trigonal bipyramidal geometry, which was formed by bonding to the PS3†³ ligand and to the nitrogen in each ligand (CH3CN, N2H4 and NH3 in complexes A, B, and C respectively). Complexes D and E also show a trigonal bipyramidal geometry at the vanadium(III) center in the same manner as in A, B, and C. This can be seen in the ORTEP diagrams shown in (Figure 1). The results of the catalytic activity of A, for the reduction of hydrazine to ammonia are given by Table 1, those for D are given in Table 2. According to Table 1, the maximum conversion ~83 % is obtained at 30 mins for the catalyst A. For D, ~83 % conversion was obtained after 24 hrs. But a conversion percentage of 90 was obtained after 48 hrs. A controlled reaction was carried out in the absence of complex A. For that reaction, only less than 5 % of hydrazine was converted to ammonia. According to eq 2, hydrazine can decompose into ammonia and nitrogen. 3N2H4 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ® 4NH3 + N2(2) To interpret the amount of ammonia formed by the decomposition reaction rather than the reduction, the reactions were carried out for both A and D without using the proton and the electron source. The corresponding data for A are given in Table 3. Accordingly, the conversion to ammonia at 30 mins is only 8 % and it was 15.6 % after 1 hr. Therefore it is safe to assume that the majority of ammonia production for A is carried out by the reduction process. There was no production of ammonia for D in the absence of the proton and the electron source. Figure 1: ORTEP diagrams of (a) A ·4CH3CN ·(C2H5)2O, (b) B ·5C2H5OH, (c) C ·3C2H5OH, (d) D and (e) E Table 1: Production of ammonia by A via the catalytic process at different reaction time. Time (min) N2H4 added (eq) NH3 yield (mol) NH3 yield (eq) Conversion (%) 5 6.0 1.32 Ãâ€" 10-4 5.3 44 10 6.0 1.66 Ãâ€" 10-4 6.6 55 20 6.0 1.85 Ãâ€" 10-4 7.4 62 30 6.0 2.50 Ãâ€" 10-4 10.0 83 60 6.0 2.49 Ãâ€" 10-4 10.0 83 Table 2: Production of ammonia by D via the catalytic process at different reaction time. Time (min) N2H4 added (eq) NH3 yield (mol) NH3 yield (eq) Conversion (%) 1.5 5.0 5.19 x 10-5 2.1 21 6 5.0 8.97 x 10-5 3.6 36 12 5.0 1.48 x 10-4 5.9 59 18 5.0 1.85 x 10-4 7.4 74 24 5.0 2.06 x 10-4 8.2 82 48 5.0 2.25 x 10-4 9.0 90 Table 3: Production of ammonia for A by the decomposition of hydrazine. Time (min) N2H4 added (eq) NH3 yield (mol) NH3 yield (eq) Conversion (%) 5 6.0 9.27 Ãâ€" 10-6 0.37 4.6 10 6.0 1.18 Ãâ€" 10-5 0.47 5.9 20 6.0 1.35 Ãâ€" 10-5 0.54 6.8 30 6.0 1.61 Ãâ€" 10-5 0.6 8.1 60 6.0 3.11 Ãâ€" 10-5 1.2 15.6 The isolation of the products B and C, the substrate bound and product bound complexes respectively, suggests that the catalytic reduction takes place at single iron site which is supported by the PS3†³ ligand. The mechanism for this can be thought as the bound CH3CN molecule in complex A is replaced by a molecule of hydrazine to give the substrate bound complex B. At this stage, the N-N bond of the bound hydrazine in the iron (II) center is not activated. Therefore, by the addition of a proton source to protonate the hydrazine molecule would allow for the bond breaking of the N-N bond. Hence the first ammonia molecule will be released and a FeIVNH2 intermediate will be formed. Then, FeIVNH2 will be converted to FeIINH3 by another protonation in the presence of an external electron source. Finally, the second ammonia molecule will be released. This reaction pathway can be shown by Scheme 1. Scheme 1: The reaction pathway for the catalytic reduction process of A The catalytic reduction of hydrazine by E did not yield any ammonia. This implies that the bound chloride in E is not exchanged with CH3CN; instead the complex dissolves in it. However this exchange takes place in D, hence the catalytic activity is visible. The reason for the differences in reactivity for these two complexes, D and E, can be accounted by the two ligands, PS3†³ and PS3à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¢ respectively. In PS3†³ ligand, there are more electron donating substituents than in the PS3à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¢ ligand. Therefore, the most electron donating ligand, PS3†³ ligand, will donate more electrons to V and will facilitate the replacement of the bound chloride with a CH3CN molecule. Hence, the exchange will not take place in E. Therefore the reduction of hydrazine will not take place. Conclusion In summary, it is possible to say that Fe, in MoFe-cofactor, and V, in vanadium nitrogenase, act as the binding site of hydrazine, an intermediate of nitrogen fixation, mimicking the late stages of the nitrogen cycle. Since both the complexes are formed in a tris(thiolato)phosphine ligand platform, the reactivity of the two complexes are comparable. Hence, by comparing the conversion percentages of the two complexes, A and D, with time, it is possible to conclude that the iron complex (A) is far more efficient than the vanadium complex (D). For further studies, this research can be extended by including Mo in both these complexes and by the formation of cubanes. This would introduce a more complex nature to the complexes and would represent the enzyme more effectively. Moreover, it is possible to compare the efficiency of Mo, by forming complex with Mo on a thiolate platform. Research Proposal Title: Proper Identification of the Site of Reduction in Nitrogenase by the Catalytic Reduction of Hydrazine to Ammonia. Introduction: The three forms of nitrogenase with Mo, Fe and V,4 have been identified. Yet, the exact mechanism and the site of reduction is still not fully understood. Studies through hydrazine have suggested that the binding sites are at Fe in the MoFe-cofactor,5 Mo in the MoFe-cofactor1,6 or in a VII state in vanadium nitrogenase.7 There has been many debates over this topics and much research has been conducted to identify the exact metal atom on which the binding take place. No research has been conducted by including Fe-Mo and V-Fe together. If these two complexes are formed, we might be able to properly identify the site of binding of N2 in nitrogenase. The enzyme in question is bulky, which is the nature of an enzyme. Hence, to include this bulkiness in the model compounds, we can use cubanes of complex nature. Furthermore, by optimizing these complexes, we may be able to use them in the industry instead of the Haber process. Goal: Identify the proper binding site of hydrazine by including both metal atoms in the complex and to use a more complex environment to properly mimic the catalytic activity of the enzyme. Aim: Synthesis of MoFe- complex and VFe-complex Synthesis of cubanes of the two mentioned complexes Methodology: FeCl2, MoCl2, H3[PS3†³] and n-BuLi are mixed in 1:1:2:6 ratio in acetonitrile. After 24 hrs, PPh4Br in acetonitrile will be added to the reaction mixture. Then, the solution will be layered by the addition of ether. Later, the solution can be kept at -30 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ °C for about three days. This will result in a complex with Fe and Mo. To check the catalytic activity, the complex: cobaltocene: N2H4: [LutH][BAr†²4] in the ratio of 1:2:1:2 respectively, can be used. First, the complex and cobaltocene are dissolved in acetonitrile. Then, N2H4 and [LutH][BAr†²4] in acetonitrile are added to the mixture. The reaction is carried out at ambient temperature for 30 mins. Afterwards, conc. HCl is added to quench the reaction and then the solid will be filtered and removed. Finally the filtrate will be taken and ammonia analysis and hydrazine analysis will be carried out using the indophenol method13 and PDMAB14 method respectively. References: Demadis, K. D.; Malinak, S. M.; Coucouvanis, D. Inorg. Chem. 1996, 35, 4038. Einsle, O.; Tezcan, F. A.; Andrade, S. L. A.; Schmid, B.; Yoshida, M.; Howard, J. B.; Rees, D. C. Science 2002, 297, 1696. Danyal, K.; Inglet, B. S.; Vincent, K. A.; Barney, B. M.; Hoffman, B. M.; Armstrong, F. A.; Dean, D. R.; Seefeldt, L. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 13197. Malinak, S. M.; Demadis, K. D.; Coucouvani, D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 3126. Chang, Y-H.; Chan, P-M.; Tsai, Y-F.; Lee, G-H.; Hsu, H-F. Inorg. Chem. 2014, 53, 664. Coucouvanis, D.; Mosier, P. E.; Demadis, K. D.; Patton, S.; Malinak, S. M.; Kim, C. G.; Tyson, M. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 12193. Chu, W-C.; Wu, C-C.; Hsu, H-F. Inorg. Chem. 2006, 45, 3164. Demadis, K. D.; Coucouvanis, D. Inorg. Chem. 1995, 34, 436. Demadis, K. D.; Coucouvanis, D. Inorg. Chem. 1995, 34, 3658. Palermo, R. E.; Singh, R.; Bashkin, J. K.; Holm, R. H. J. Am. Chem.Soc. 1984, 106, 2600. Zhang, Y.-P.; Bashkin, J. K.; Holm, R. H. Inorg. Chem. 1987, 26, 694. Wong, G. B.; Bobrik, M. A.; Holm, R. H. Inorg. Chem. 1978, 17, 578. Chaney, A. L.; Marbach, E. P., Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem, N. C.) 1962, 8, 130. Haji Shabani, A. M.; Dadfarnia, S.; Dehghan, K., Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2004, 25, 213. 1

Hope in The Sun also Rises Essay -- Essays Papers

Hope in The Sun also Rises WWI consumed the lives of millions. Those who lived through the war may have had only minor physical injuries or perhaps they were lucky enough to get away unharmed, but all of those who went home in the 1920s had lost an important feature in their life which was the importance of hope. The lack of hope hurt all the characters who experience the war in one way or another. Which, led to love being an empty word to the affected characters. These affected characters search for happiness in sex and in drunkenness and in superficial human relationships for the fulfillment that they were missing. Robert Cohn was about the only one who showed some kind of hope, but this hope seemed to bother the other characters. Of course the hope that Cohn demonstrated was that of hoping for some kind of respond from Brett. Robert Cohn was probably not even capable of truly being in love. He had severe self-esteem problems in college. "He took it out in boxing, and he came out of Princeton with painful self-consciousness and the flattened nose, and was married to the first girl who was nice to him."(4) Cohn was looking for love and thought he could find it in a girl who would care for him. All of the characters seem to be dealing with this same issue. Cohn, however, dealt with his problems in a different way. "He cared nothing for boxing, in fact he disliked it, but he learned it painfully and thoroughly to counteract the feeling of inferiority an... Hope in The Sun also Rises Essay -- Essays Papers Hope in The Sun also Rises WWI consumed the lives of millions. Those who lived through the war may have had only minor physical injuries or perhaps they were lucky enough to get away unharmed, but all of those who went home in the 1920s had lost an important feature in their life which was the importance of hope. The lack of hope hurt all the characters who experience the war in one way or another. Which, led to love being an empty word to the affected characters. These affected characters search for happiness in sex and in drunkenness and in superficial human relationships for the fulfillment that they were missing. Robert Cohn was about the only one who showed some kind of hope, but this hope seemed to bother the other characters. Of course the hope that Cohn demonstrated was that of hoping for some kind of respond from Brett. Robert Cohn was probably not even capable of truly being in love. He had severe self-esteem problems in college. "He took it out in boxing, and he came out of Princeton with painful self-consciousness and the flattened nose, and was married to the first girl who was nice to him."(4) Cohn was looking for love and thought he could find it in a girl who would care for him. All of the characters seem to be dealing with this same issue. Cohn, however, dealt with his problems in a different way. "He cared nothing for boxing, in fact he disliked it, but he learned it painfully and thoroughly to counteract the feeling of inferiority an...